Variant of d-psicose 3-epimerase and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an improved variant of a D-psicose 3-epimerase and its uses.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is the U.S. national stage application of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2014/068628, filed Sep. 2, 2014.

The Sequence Listing for this application is labeled “Seq-List-replace-2.txt” which was created on Jan. 6, 2017 and is 33 KB. The entire content of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an improved isomerase, in particular D-psicose-3-epimerase, for preparing psicose from fructose and its uses.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

D-psicose, also called D-allulose, is a rare sugar isomer of fructose. It can be found in nature but at very low concentrations like in edible mushrooms, jackfruit, wheat and the Itea plants.

Unlike fructose, the metabolism of psicose in humans is partly absorbed and metabolized in energy, and partly excreted unchanged in the urine and feces.

The characteristics of D-psicose as a material for preventing lifestyle-related diseases have been disclosed, including its noncaloric nature, a positive effect on the reduction of the glycemic response, an antiobesity effect, and the like. In addition, the sweetness of D-psicose is about 70% of that of sucrose (Oshima, et al. (2006), Psicose contents in various food products and its origin, Food Sci Technol Res 12:137-143), but 0.3% energy of sucrose and is suggested as an ideal sucrose substitute for food products. It can also be used as an inhibitor of hepatic lipogenic enzyme and intestinal a-glycosidase for reducing body fat accumulation. It further shows important physiological functions, such as reactive oxygen species scavenging activity and a neuroprotective effect. In addition, it also improves the gelling behavior and produces good flavor during food processing.

D-psicose exists in extremely small quantities in commercial carbohydrate or agricultural products and is difficult to chemically synthesize. Therefore, interconversion between D-fructose and D-psicose by epimerization using D-tagatose 3-epimerase (DTEase) family enzymes has been confused on as attractive way of D-psicose production.

So far, there have been 9 kinds of DTEase family enzyme sources reported. Twenty years ago, DTEase was first characterized by Izumori et al, from Pseudomonas cichorii, showing C-3 epimerization activity of ketohexoses with the optimum substrate of D-tagatose (Izumori et al. 1993, Biosci, Biotechnol, Biochem, 57, 1037-1039). Till 2006, the second enzyme with C-3 epimerization activity of ketohexoses was identified from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and it was named D-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase), due to its high substrate specificity for D-psicose (Kim et al. 2006, Applied and environmental microbiology 72, 981-985; US 2010/0190225; WO2011/040708). Recently, another six DTEase family enzymes were characterized from Rhodobacter sphaeroides SK011 (DTEase) (Zhang et al. 2009, Biotechnology letters 31, 857-862), Clostridium cellulolyticum H10 (DPEase) (Mu et al. 2011, Journal of agricultural and food, chemistry 59, 7785-7792, CN102373230), Ruminococcus sp. 5_1_39BFAA (DPEase) (Zhu et al, 2012, Biotechnology letters 34, 1901-1906), Clostridium bolteae ATCC BAA-613 (Jia et al. 2013, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, DOI 10.1007/s00253-013-4924-8), Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704 (Zhang et al. 2013, PLoS ONE 8, e62987), and Clostridium sp. BNL1100 (Mu et al. 2013, Biotechnology Letters, DOI 10.1007/s10529-013-1230-6), respectively. In addition, Maruta et al. disclosed a DTEase-producing source in Rhizobium (US 2011/0275138).

There is only one reference to report the enzyme modification of DTEase family enzymes by protein engineering technology. Using random and site-directed mutagenesis technology, Choi et al. (2011, Applied and environmental microbiology 77, 7316-7320) constructed the I33L S213C double-site variant of A. tumefaciens DPEase, and the variant enzyme showed increases in optimal temperature, half-life, melting temperature, and catalysis efficiency, compared with the wild-type enzyme. Its optimal pH remains unchanged at 8.00.

However, the enzymes have optimum pH for activity at 8.0-9.5, and the pH stability is between 8.0-10.0, which is not appropriate for industrial application.

Therefore, the main concern for using psicose remains its scarcity and its production cost, and the need for improved industrial D-psicose production still exists.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To develop industrial D-psicose production and reduce the production cost, an optimized DTEase family enzyme should be weak-acid stable and thermostable, and have a higher catalysis efficiency and turnover for the substrate D-fructose.

The present invention relates to a variant of a parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, wherein the variant comprises a substitution of a glycine residue by a serine residue at a position corresponding to position 211 in SEQ ID NO: 2 compared to the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, and wherein the variant has a D-psicose 3-epimerase activity. Preferably, the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase having an amino acid sequence having 60% identity or higher with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5-10, more preferably 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 99% identity or higher with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5-10.

In a preferred embodiment, the variant has one or several following features:

-   -   a. a lower pH optimum compared to the parent D-psicose         3-epimerase, preferably in the range of 6 to 7; and/or     -   b. a higher catalysis efficiency to the substrate D-fructose         compared to the parent-psicose 3-epimerase, preferably at least         twice as high; and/or     -   c. a longer half-life at 60° C. compared to the parent-psicose         3-epimerase.

Preferably, the variant has an amino acid sequence having 35% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 2, preferably 60% identity or higher, more preferably at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, or 95% identity or higher.

Preferably, the variant has an amino acid sequence having 60% identity or higher with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5-10, more preferably at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, or 95% identity or higher with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5-10.

In a preferred embodiment, the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase is selected from a D-tagatose 3-epimerase from Pseudomonas cichorii, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium sp., a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium scindens, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium bolteae, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp., and a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum. More preferably, the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase is the D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum.

In a most preferred embodiment, the variant comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 4 and having a residue serine at position 211.

In an alternative preferred embodiment, the variant comprises or consists of:

-   -   the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 with a G211S         substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity         or higher with SEQ ID NO: 5 and having a residue Ser at position         211; or     -   the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 with a G210S         substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity         or higher with SEQ ID NO: 6 and having a residue Ser at position         210; or     -   the amino acid sequence of SEQ ED NO: 7 with a G211S         substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity         or higher with SEQ ID NO: 7 and having a residue Ser at position         211; or     -   the amino acid sequence of SEQ ED NO: 8 with a G213S         substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity         or higher with SEQ ID NO: 8 and having a residue Ser at position         213; or     -   the amino acid sequence of SEQ ED NO: 9 with a G223S         substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity         or higher with SEQ ID NO: 7 and having a residue Ser at position         223; or     -   the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 with a G213S         substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity         or higher with SEQ ED NO: 10 and having a residue Ser at         position 213.

Another object of the present invention is an isolated nucleic acid encoding a variant according to the present invention. The present invention further relates to an expression cassette or recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding a variant according to the present invention. It also relates to a recombinant host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the present invention, an expression cassette according to the present invention or a recombinant expression vector according to the present invention. Preferably, the nucleic acid encoding the variant according to the present invention is integrated into the host cell's chromosome. In a particular embodiment, the host cell is a GRAS strain (Generally Recognized As Safe), preferably Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the recombinant host cell is a Bacillus subtilis strain wherein the gene encoding for bacillopeptidase F is inactivated.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a D-psicose 3-epimerase variant comprising culturing the recombinant host cell according to the present invention, and optionally recovering or purifying the produced D-psicose 3-epimerase variant from the resulting culture. In other word, it relates to the use of a recombinant host cell according to the present invention for producing a D-psicose 3 -epimerase variant according to the present invention.

The present invention also relates to a method for producing D-psicose comprising contacting a variant according to the present invention with D-fructose in conditions suitable for the D-psicose 3-epimerase activity and optionally recovering the produced D-psicose. Optionally, the D-fructose is previously or simultaneously produced by a glucose isomerase from D-glucose. Thus, the present invention relates to the use of a D-psicose 3-epimerase variant according to the present invention or a recombinant host cell according to the present invention for producing D-psicose.

An object of the present invention is an enzymatic composition comprising a D-psicose 3-epimerase variant according to the present invention and an additional enzyme, in particular a glucose isomerase.

Finally, the present invention relates to the use of a GRAS host cell according to the present invention for preparing a food product and to a food product comprising such a GRAS host cell.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an improved variant of a D-psicose 3 -epimerase.

Definitions

In the present document, the term “DPEase” and “DTEase” could be used in place of “D-psicose 3-epimerase” and “D-tagatose 3-epimerase”, respectively, “DPEase” and “DTEase” mean the ketose 3-epimerases with the optimum substrates as D-psicose and D-tagatose, respectively.

The term “parent” means an enzyme to which an alteration is made to produce the variants of the present invention. The parent may be a naturally occurring (wild-type) polypeptide or a variant or fragment thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase is one selected from those shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5-10.

In addition, the term “DPEase variant” may also refer to a variant of a D-tagatose 3-epimerase as taught in the present invention.

Identity Percentage: The “percentage identity” between two amino acid sequences (A) and (B) is determined by comparing the two sequences aligned in an optimal manner, through a window of comparison. Said alignment of sequences can be carried out by well-known methods, for example, using the algorithm for global alignment of Needleman-Wunsch.

Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions. Once the total alignment is obtained, the percentage of identity can be obtained by dividing the full number of identical amino acid residues aligned by the full number of residues contained in the longest sequence between sequences (A) and (B). Sequence identity is typically determined using sequence analysis software. For comparing two amino acid sequences, one can use, for example, the tool “Emboss needle” for pairwise sequence alignment of proteins providing by EMBL-EBI and available on Worldwide Website: ebi.ac.uk/Tools/services/web/tool form.ebi?tool=emboss_needle&context=protein, using default settings: (I) Matrix: BLOSUM62, (ii) Gap open: 10, (iii) gap extend: 0.5, (iv) output format: pair, (v) end gap penalty: false, (vi) end gap open: 10, and (vii) end gap extend: 0.5.

By “about” is intended the value more or less 10% of the value. Preferably, it is intended the value more or less 5% of the value. For instance, “about 100” means between 90 and 110, preferably between 95 and 105.

By “D-psicose 3-epimerase activity” is referred the capacity of the enzyme to modify D-fructose into D-psicose. This activity can be assayed by measuring the amount of D-psicose formed from D-fructose. In particular, it can be measured as detailed in the Examples section or as disclosed in Mu et al. (2011, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 59, 7785-7792, in the “Enzyme Assay” section, page 7787).

Variant of D-psicose 3-epimerase

The present invention relates to a variant of a parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, wherein the variant comprises a substitution of a glycine residue by a serine residue at a position corresponding to position 211 in SEQ ID NO: 2 compared to the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, and wherein the variant has a D-psicose 3-epimerase activity.

Preferably, the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase has an amino acid sequence having 60% identity or higher with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5-10. In particular, the parent may have an amino acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95% identity or higher with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5-10.

The inventors surprisingly identified a G211S variant of DPEase from C. cellulolyticum as an improved variant. Indeed, this variant presents the following advantages (see Tables 1 and 2):

-   -   a lower pH optimum, namely 6.5 instead of 8.0 for the wild-type         DPEase;     -   a higher half-life at 60° C., namely 7.2 h instead of 6.8; and     -   a higher k_(cat)/K_(m) for D-fructose, namely 150,6 instead of         62.7.

According to the knowledge of the inventors, it is the first time that a DPEase is reported with a pH optimum lower than 7.0. In addition, the lowering of the pH optimum goes along with an improved stability and a strong increase of catalytic efficiency.

Accordingly, the DPEase variant has one or several following features:

-   -   a. a lower pH optimum compared to the parent D-psicose         3-epimerase, preferably in the range of 6 to 7; and/or     -   b. a higher catalysis efficiency to the substrate D-fructose         compared to the parent-psicose 3-epimerase, preferably at least         50, 75, 100, or 120% higher, more preferably at least twice as         high; and/or     -   c. a longer half-life at 60° C., preferably at least 5, 10, 15         or 20 minutes longer.

In a first embodiment, the DPEase variant fulfils the requirement of items a) and b), items a) and c), items b) and c), or items a), b) and c). Preferably, the DPEase variant has a lower pH optimum compared to the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, preferably in the range of 6 to 7. Therefore, the DPEase variant fulfils the requirement of items a) and b), items a) and c), or items a), b) and c).

In addition, the variant has an amino acid sequence having 60% identity or higher with an amino acid sequence of parent D-psicose 3-epimerases selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5-10. In particular, the variant has an amino acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95% identity or higher with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5-10.

In a particular embodiment, the variant comprises a substitution of a glycine residue by a serine residue at a position corresponding to position 211 in SEQ ID NO: 2 of the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, has a D-psicose 3-epimerase activity, and has at least 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95% identity or higher with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 5-10. In addition, the variant can fulfil the requirement of items a) and b), items a) and c), items b) and c), or items a), b) and c) as disclosed above.

The inventors further noted that, despite a quite low amino acid (aa) sequence identity between D-tagatose 3-epimerase from Pseudomonas cichorii, D-psicose 3-epimerase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum (i.e., DTEase of P. cichorii has 41% aa identity with DPEase of C. cellulolyticum; DPEase of A. tumefaciens has 60% aa identity with DPEase of C. cellulolyticum), the residue G211 of the DPEase of C. cellulolyticum is conserved. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 1, G211 is conserved in seven of the eight enzymes (see FIG. 1).

Then, the present invention relates to a DPEase variant having an amino acid sequence having 35% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 2, preferably 60% identity or higher, more preferably at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, or 95% identity or higher. It is obviously understood that all the DPEase variants of the present invention present the substitution of Gly by Ser at the position corresponding to residue 211 in SEQ ID NO: 2.

More particularly, the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase is selected from a D-tagatose 3-epimerase from Pseudomonas cichorii, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium sp., a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium scindens, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium bolteae, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp., and a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum. In a preferred embodiment, the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase is a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum, more particularly Clostridium cellulolyticum strain H10 (ATCC 35319).

Therefore, the present invention relates to a DPEase variant having or comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with a G211S substitution (i.e., the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4) or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 4 and having a residue Ser at position 211.

Alternatively, it also relates to a DPEase variant having or comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 with a G211S substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 5 and having a residue Ser at position 211.

In addition, it also relates to a DPEase variant having or comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 with a G210S substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 6 and having a residue Ser at position 210.

Alternatively, it also relates to a DPEase variant having or comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 with a G211S substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 7 and having a residue Ser at position 211.

In addition, it also relates to a DPEase variant having or comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 with a G213S substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 8 and having a residue Ser at position 213,

Alternatively, it also relates to a DPEase variant having or comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 with a G223S substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 7 and having a residue Ser at position 223.

Finally, it also relates to a DTEase variant having or comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 with a G213S substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity or higher with SEQ ID NO: 10 and having a residue Ser at position 213.

Optionally, the variant has alterations at not more than 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino acids, e.g., may have substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 amino acids.

The present invention also relates to a DPEase variant according to the present invention further comprising a tag. For instance, it can comprise a tag suitable for facilitating the DPEase variant purification or immobilization, such as a His tag (His₆), a FLAG tag, an HA tag (epitope derived from the influenza protein hemagglutinin), a MYC tag (epitope derived from the human proto-oncoprotein MYC) or a GST tag (small glutathione-S-transferase).

Finally, the present invention relates to a DPEase variant according to the present invention immobilized on a solid support or a carrier. The DPEase can be immobilized on any suitable support or carrier, such as alginate, amberlite resin, Sephadex resin or Duolite resin, e.g., beads. Immobilization means are well-known to the person skilled in the art. For instance, see Choi et al, supra; Lim et al. (2009, Process Biochemistry 44, 822-828); and WO2011/040708, the disclosures thereof being incorporated herein by reference.

Nucleic Acid, Vector and Host Cells

The present invention relates to a nucleic acid encoding a DPEase variant according to the present invention or a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a DPEase variant according to the present invention. The present invention also relates to an expression cassette of a nucleic acid according to the invention. It further relates to a vector comprising a nucleic acid or an expression cassette according to the invention. Preferably, the vector is an expression vector. The vector is preferably a plasmid vector. In addition, the present invention relates to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention, an expression cassette of a nucleic acid according to the invention or a vector comprising a nucleic acid or an expression cassette according to the invention. The nucleic acid encoding a DPEase variant according to the present invention can be present in the host cell as an episomic sequence or can be incorporated into its chromosome. The nucleic acid encoding a DPEase variant according to the present invention can be present in the host cell in one copy or in several copies.

The nucleic acid can be DNA (cDNA or gDNA), RNA, or a mixture of the two. It can be in single-stranded form or in duplex form or a mixture of the two. It can comprise modified nucleotides, for example a modified bond, a modified purine or pyrimidine base, or a modified sugar. It can be prepared by any method known to one skilled in the art, including chemical synthesis, recombination, mutagenesis, etc.

The expression cassette comprises all elements required for expression of the DPEase variant according to the present invention, in particular the elements required for transcription and translation in the host cell, in particular in the considered host cell.

The host cell can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic, preferably prokaryotic or lower eukaryotic, more preferably prokaryotic. In particular, the expression cassette comprises a promoter and a terminator, and optionally an enhancer. The promoter can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic, depending on the selected host cell. Examples of preferred prokaryotic promoters include Lacl, LacZ, pLacT, ptac, pARA, pBAD, the RNA polymerase promoters of bacteriophage T3 or T7, the polyhedrin promoter, and the PR or PL promoter of lambda phage. In general, to select a suitable promoter, one skilled in the art may advantageously consult Sambrook et al. (1989) or techniques described by Fuller et al. (1996, Immunology in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology). In a preferred embodiment, a strong promoter is operationally linked to the coding sequence of the DPEase variant.

The present invention relates to a vector containing a nucleic acid or an expression cassette encoding the DPEase variant according to the present invention. The vector is preferably an expression vector, that is to say, it comprises the elements required for the expression of the variant in the host cell. The vector is a self-replicable vector. The host cell can be a prokaryote, for example E. coli, or a eukaryote. The eukaryote can be a lower eukaryote such as a yeast (for example, S. cerevisiae) or fungus (for example from the genus Aspergillus or Actinomyces) or a higher eukaryote such as an insect, mammalian or plant cell. The cell can be a mammalian cell, for example COS, CHO (U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,803; U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,335). In a particular embodiment, the cell is non-human and non-embryonic.

The vector can be a plasmid, phage, phagemid, cosmid, virus, YAC, BAC, pTi plasmid from Agrobacterium, etc. The vector can preferably comprise one or more elements selected from the group consisting of a replication origin, a multiple cloning site and a selection gene. In a preferred embodiment, the vector is a plasmid. The vector is a self-replicable vector. Examples of prokaryotic vectors include, but are not limited to, the following: pER322, pQE70, pMA5, pUC18, pQE60, pUB110, pQE-9 (Qiagen), pbs, pTZ4, pC194, pD10, pHV14, Yep7, phagescript, psiX174, pbluescript SK, pbsks, pNH8A, pNH16A, pNH18A, pNH46A (Stratagene), ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKKC233-3, pDR540, pBR322, pRIT5 (Pharmacia), and pET (Novagen). Examples of eukaryotic vectors include, but are not limited to, the following: pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pPICZ, pcDNA3.l (+) Hyg (Invitrogen), pOG44, pXT1, pSG (Stratagene), pSVK3, pBPV, pCI-neo (Stratagene), pMSG, pSVL (Pharmacia), and pQE-30 (QLAexpress). Preferably the expression vector is a plasmid vector.

More particularly, to express in E. coli, pBR322, pUC18, pBluescript II SK (+), λgt. λC and λgt. λB can be preferably used, while to express in Bacillus subtilis, pUB110, pTZ4, pC194, pi 1, Φ1 and Φ105 can be preferably used. Plasmids, pHV14, TRp7, YEp7 and pBS7 are useful in the case of replicating the recombinant nucleic acid in two or more kinds of hosts. In order to insert an encoding nucleic acid sequence into these vectors, conventional methods in the art can be used.

In a particular embodiment, the vector is an integration vector suitable to incorporate the sequence encoding the DPEase variant according to the present invention into the chromosome of the host cell. A non-exhaustive example of commercially available integration vectors is pMUTIN4 for B. subtilis from the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center.

Accordingly, in a preferred aspect, the invention relates to a host cell having a nucleic acid encoding the DPEase variant according to the present invention integrated into its chromosome. The host cell's chromosome can include one or several copies of the nucleic acid encoding the DPEase variant (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or 5 copies). Said nucleic acid can be introduced by any method known in the art, for instance by homologous recombination or random integration. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid encoding the DPEase variant is introduced by the Cre-loxP method (see Yan et al., Appl. Environm. Microbiol., 2008, 74, 5556-5562) or any analogous method such as an mazF-based system. In a preferred embodiment, the host cell does not include any heterologous selection gene such as an antibiotic resistance gene. For instance, the nucleic acid encoding the DPEase variant can be first introduced into the host cell's chromosome together with a heterologous selection gene, and then the heterologous selection gene is deleted from host cell's chromosome.

The host cell can be preferably selected among the group consisting of E. coli and GRAS strains. Preferably, the GRAS strain is selected from the group consisting of innocuous bacteria, especially innocuous Corynebacterium sp. such as C. glutamicum, and innocuous Bacillus sp. such as B. subtilis. In a very specific embodiment, the host cell is of E. coli or B. subtilis, preferably B. subtilis.

In some embodiments, the host cell may be a GRAS strain in which one or several genes are inactivated or activated so as to increase the production of active DPEase by said strain,

Indeed, the inventors showed that the bacillopeptidase F, one of the proteases naturally produced in Bacillus subtilis strains, may exhibit a hydrolysis activity towards DPEase, which may limit the production yield of active DPEase by the host cells. Thus, in a particular embodiment, the host cell is a GRAS strain wherein at least one of the genes encoding for a protease susceptible to hydrolyze DPEase is attenuated or inactivated. As used herein, a strain exhibiting “an attenuated gene” refers to a mutated strain displaying a decrease of the expression of said gene or a decrease of the activity of the protein encoded by said gene, as compared to the corresponding wild-type strain. The methods for attenuating or inactivating genes are well-known for the skilled artisan. The attenuation of the gene may be obtained, for instance, by:

-   -   the introduction of one or several mutations into the gene, so         as to decrease the expression level of the gene, or so as to         alter the biological activity of the encoded protein, e.g.,         insertions, deletions, or random or directed mutations, for         instance frameshift mutations, point mutations or insertion of         stop codons; for example, in the context of the invention, the         mutation may lead to the production of a protease with a very         low hydrolysis activity toward DPEase;     -   the replacement of the natural promoter of the gene by a low         strength promoter, resulting from a lower production of the         protein;     -   the use of elements destabilizing the corresponding messenger         RNA or the protein; or     -   the deletion of the gene or a part thereof, in particular         knocked-out.

In some embodiments, the host cell is a GRAS strain wherein the attenuated gene is a gene encoding for a serine endopeptidase susceptible to hydrolyzing DPEase.

In some additional embodiments, the host cell is a Bacillus strain, preferably a Bacillus subtilis strain wherein the gene encoding for bacillopeptidase F is attenuated or inactivated. In some further embodiments, the host cell is & Bacillus subtilis strain wherein the gene encoding for bacillopeptidase F is knocked out. Such knockout may be obtained by deleting the corresponding genomic DNA in the genome of said strain. For illustration, the gene ID for bacillopeptidase F gene (brp) in Bacillus subtilis is described in Sloma et al. (1990, J Bacteriol., 172, 1470-1477).

The present invention relates to the use of a nucleic acid, an expression cassette, an expression vector or a host cell as disclosed above for producing a DPEase variant according to the present invention.

It also relates to a method for producing a DPEase variant according to the present invention, comprising culturing the recombinant host cell according to the present invention, and optionally recovering and/or purifying the produced D-psicose 3-epimerase variant from the resulting culture. In a preferred embodiment, the host cell is selected from E. coli and GRAS strains, especially B. subtilis.

Optionally, the host cell further produces a glucose isomerase.

In a particular embodiment, the present invention relates to an immobilized host cell according to the present invention producing and secreting a DPEase variant of the present invention.

Production of D-psicose

The present invention relates to the use of a DPEase variant according the present invention for producing D-psicose and to the method for producing D-psicose by using a DPEase variant according the present invention.

In a first embodiment, the DPEase variant is contacted with D-fructose in conditions suitable for the D-psicose 3-epimerase activity. D-fructose can be provided as high fructose syrup, and in particular high fructose corn syrup. Such high fructose corn syrups are commercially available from Roquette Freres under the HI-SWEET® references.

In another particular embodiment, D-glucose is contacted with an enzyme mixture comprising a DPEase variant according the present invention and a glucose isomerase. The glucose isomerase is also called xylose isomerase and corresponds to EC 5.3.1.5. Preferably, glucose is provided as a glucose syrup, in particular a corn syrup.

In another alternative, the starting material may be starch in place of glucose or fructose, and the enzyme mixture further comprises alpha-amylase and/or glucoamylase.

The present invention relates to an enzyme mix comprising a DPEase variant according the present invention and an additional enzyme. Preferably, the enzyme mix comprises a DPEase variant according the present invention and a glucose isomerase. Optionally, the enzyme mix may further comprise alpha-amylase and/or glucoamylase.

Suitable conditions for producing D-psicose can be defined by the person skilled in the art. Preferably, they include the following features:

-   -   temperature: between 50 and 60° C., preferably about 55° C.;         and/or     -   pH: between 5.5 and 7.5, preferably between 6 and 7, more         preferably about 6.5; and/or     -   in the presence of a divalent metal ion, preferably selected         from the group consisting of Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Mg²⁺,         more preferably from Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Ni²⁺, still         preferably from Co²⁺ and Mn²⁺, and most preferably Co²⁺; and/or     -   in the presence of borate when immobilized TDEase is used, e.g.,         40-80 mM of borate, preferably about 60 mM.

In a particular embodiment, the enzymes to be used in the method are immobilized. More particularly, the DPEase variant of the present invention is immobilized. Optionally, both glucose isomerase and the DPEase variant of the present invention can be immobilized or solely the DPEase variant. In another alternative, instead of immobilizing the enzyme, the microorganisms producing the enzymes are immobilized. The enzyme(s) or microorganisms can be for instance immobilized on any suitable support, such as alginate, amberlite resin, Sephadex resin or Duolite resin, e.g., beads.

The immobilized enzyme(s) or microorganisms can be packed into a suitable column and the glucose or fructose liquid or syrup is continuously introduced into the column.

Methods for immobilized DPEases on a support and to produce D-psicose are well-known to the person skilled in the art, for instance in WO2011/040708.

The resulting product can be a mixture of D-fructose and D-psicose, and even a mixture of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose.

An aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a GRAS host cell according to the present invention for preparing a food product and to a food product comprising such a GRAS host cell. The food products are for humans or for animal feed. For instance, the foods can be foods for health, foods for patients, food materials, food materials for health, food materials for patients, food additives, food additives for health, food additives for patients, beverages, beverages for health, beverages for patients, potable water, potable water for health, potable water for patients, drugs, drug raw materials, feeds, and feeds for diseased domestic animals and/or diseased animals. When used as a food material or a food additive, it can be used for alleviating abnormal carbohydrate metabolism and/or abnormal lipid metabolism. It may be in the form of a solid preparation such as a tablet; a capsule; a powder or granules to be dissolved in beverages, etc.; a semisolid preparation such as jelly; a liquid such as potable water; a high-concentration solution to be diluted before use; or the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Multiple sequence alignment of DTEase family enzymes and their homologs. Amino acid sequence were from C. cellulolyticum DPEase (Clce-DPEase; GeneBank Accession No: ACL75304), SEQ ID NO: 4, Clostridium sp. (Clsp-DPEase; YP_005149214.1), SEQ ID NO: 5, C. scindens DPEase (Clsc-DPEase; EDS06411.1), SEQ ID NO: 6, A. tumefaciens DPEase (Agtu-DPEase; AAL45544), SEQ ID NO: 7, C. bolteae DPEase (Clbo-DPEase; EDP19602), SEQ ID NO: 9, Ruminococcus sp. DPEase (Rusp-DPEase; ZP_04858451), SEQ ID NO: 8, P. cichorii DTEase (Psci-DTEase; BAA24429), SEQ ID NO: 10, and R. sphaeroides DTEase (Rhsp-DTEase; AC059490), SEQ ID NO: 11. The alignment was performed using the ClustalW2 program (World Wide Web site: ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/index.html). Amino acid residues that are identical in all the displayed sequences are marked by asterisks (*); strongly conserved or weakly conserved residues are indicated by colons (:) or dots (.), respectively.

FIG. 2. Comparison of pH profiles between wild-type and G211S mutant of C. cellulolyticum DPEase.

FIG. 3. SDS-PAGE analysis of purified G211S DTEase variant and protein markers stained with Coomassie Blue. Lane 1, Bacillus subtilis producing DPEase; Lane 2, protein marker.

FIG. 4 shows the construction of plasmid pDGI-756-DPE used for inserting DPEase gene in Bacillus subtilis strains according to approach 1 (Cre/Lox recombination system) described in Example 2.

FIG. 5 shows the main steps of approach 1 described in Example 2 to produce DPEase-expressing B. subtilis strains.

FIG. 6 shows the construction of plasmid pDGI-DP used for inserting the DPEase gene in Bacillus subtilis strains according to approach 2 (mazF-based system) described in Example 2.

FIG. 7 shows the main steps of approach 2 described in Example 2 to produce DPEase-expressing B. subtilis strains.

EXAMPLE 1

The inventors prepared, by site-directed mutagenesis, DPEase variants of C. cellulolyticum by replacing the codon GGC encoding Gly in position 211 (SEQ ID NO: 1) by the codons AGC, GCC, GAC, CGC, TGG and CTC, encoding respectively the substitutions G211S, G211A, G211D, G211T, G211W and G211L.

The DPEase variants have been expressed in Bacillus subtilis, expressed and purified (FIG. 3).

Enzyme properties and kinetic parameters of the wild-type and variants of DPEase from C. cellulolyticum for substrate D-psicose have been determined and the results are given in Table 1.

The G211S variant showed improved characteristics in comparison with the wild-type DPEase (Table 1), and also with the other known enzymes (Table 2). In particular, it is a weak-acid stable enzyme with more than 80% activity in the pH range from 6 to 8 (FIG. 2), and has a catalysis efficiency of approximately 150.6, and a half-life of at least 10 hours at 55° C. and/or a half-life of at least 6.5 hours at 60° C. In addition, the host is a food-grade microorganism. These attributes are important in the bioproduction of a food-grade D-psicose with a more efficient production cycle and lower production costs.

Materials and Methods

Chemicals and Reagents

Taq DNA polymerase, deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), chemicals for PCR, T4 DNA ligase and plasmid miniprep kit were obtained from Takara (Dalian, China). The resin for protein purification, the Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow, was obtained from GE (Uppsala, Sweden). Electrophoresis reagents were purchased from Bio-Rad. Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and all chemicals used for enzyme assays and characterization were at least of analytical grade, obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA) and Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). Oligonucleotides were synthesized by Sangon Biological Engineering Technology and Services (Shanghai, China).

Plasmids, Bacterial Strains, and Culture Conditions

The plasmid pET-22b(+) was obtained from Novagen (Darmstadt, Germany), The E. coli DH5α and E. coli BL21(DE3) were obtained from Tiangen Biotechnology (Beijing, China). Bacillus subtilis WB600 and the plasmid pMA5 were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif., USA). The bacterial strains were grown in Luria-Bertani medium in a rotary shaker (200 rpm) at 37° C.

Preparation of DPEase Variants of C. cellulolyticum in E. coli

(1) Primer design for protein modification was as following:

Forward Mutagenic Primers:

G211S Forward primer1: (SEQ ID NO: 12) CATTTACACACTAGCGAATGTAATCGT G211A Forward primer2: (SEQ ID NO: 13) CATTTACACACTGCCGAATGTAATCGT G211D Forward primer3: (SEQ ID NO: 14) CATTTACACACTGACGAATGTAATCGT G211R Forward primer4: (SEQ ID NO: 15) CATTTACACACTCGCGAATGTAATCGT G211W Forward primer5: (SEQ ID NO: 16) CATTTACACACTTGGGAATGTAATCGT G211L Forward primer6: (SEQ ID NO: 17) CATTTACACACTCTCGAATGTAATCGT Reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 18) 5′-AGTGTGTAAATGTCCCAAGTAAGAGCCCGC-3′

(2) Amplify the plasmid using the above primers by PCR technique.

Template: pET-Cc-dpe

DNA polymerase: Pfu

PCR program: PCR amplification was performed by Pfu DNA polymerase for 20 cycles consisting of 94° C. for 30 s, 60° C. for 30 s, and 72° C. for 5 min, followed by an extension step of 10 min at 72° C.

(3) After PCR, add 1 μl DpnI restriction enzyme (10U/μl) into 200 μl PCR product, and incubate at 37° C. for 4 h, to digest and eliminate the template DNA.

(4) The DNA was purified by Gel Extraction Kit.

(5) The 5′-phosphorylation and ligation reactions of mutation fragments were performed together at 16° C. for 12 h, and the reaction system was as follows:

Mutation DNA 7.5 μl 10 × T4 ligase buffer   1 μl PNK 0.5 μl T4 ligase   1 μl

(6) The DNA was transformed into E. coli DH5α. The transformants were selected at 37° C. on the LB agar plates containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin.

(7) The plasmid was extracted and identified by nucleotide sequencing.

(8) The reconstructed plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21.

The transformants were selected at 37° C. on the LB agar plates containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin.

Preparation of DPEase Variants of C. cellulolyticum in B. subtilis

-   (1) PCR

To subclone the different variant genes to B. subtilis expression plasmid, forward (5′-CGCCATATGAAACATGGTATATACTACGC-3′-SEQ ID NO: 19) and reverse primer (5′-CGCGGATCCTTGTTAGCCGGATCTC-3′-SEQ ID NO: 20) were designed to introduce the NdeI and BamHI restriction sites. Using the reconstructed pET-22b(+) plasmids harboring different DPEase variant genes, PCR amplification was separately performed by Taq Plus DNA polymerase for 35 cycles consisting of 94° C. for 1 min, 60° C. for 1 min, and 72° C. for 1 min, followed by a final extension step of 10 min at 72° C.

-   (2) Purify the PCR products separately using the Gel Extraction Kit. -   (3) The purified PCR products and B. subtilis expression plasmid     pMA5 were digested by restriction enzyme NdeI and BamHI -   (4) DNA fragment and pMA5 were ligated by T4 DNA Ligase, and then     the mixture was transformed into E. coli DH5α. -   (5) The transformants were selected at 37° C. on the LB agar plates     containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin. -   (6) The reconstructed plasmids were extracted and identified by     restriction enzyme digestion and nucleotide sequencing. -   (7) The reconstructed pMA5 plasmids harboring the wild-type or     variant DPEase gene were separately transformed into B. subtilis     WB600 by electroporation. The transformants were selected at 37° C.     on the LB agar plates containing 100 (μg/mL Kanamycin. Purification     of DPEase Variants of C. cellulolyticum

To purify the recombinant DPEase variants, the centrifuged cell pellets were resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.5) and disrupted by sonication at 4° C. for 6 min (pulsations of 3 s, amplify 90) using a Vibra-Cell 72405 sonicator, and cell debris was removed by centrifugation (20,000 g, 20 min, 4° C.). The cell-free extract was applied onto a Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow resin column (1.0 cm×10,0 cm), previously chelating Ni²⁺, and equilibrated with a binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7,5). Unbound proteins were eluted from the column with a washing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 500 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole, pH 7.5). Then the DPEase variants were eluted from the column with an elution buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 500 mM NaCl, 500 mM imidazole, pH 7.5). The active fractions were pooled and dialyzed overnight against 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 10 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 48 h at 4° C. Subsequently, the enzyme was dialyzed against 50 mM EDTA-free Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5),

DPEase Assay

The activity was measured by the determination of the amount of produced D-psicose from D-fructose. The reaction mixture of 1 mL contained D-fructose (50 g/L), Tris-HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 8.0), 0.1mM Co²⁺, and 0.5 μM enzyme. The reaction mixture was incubated at 55° C. for 2 min, and the reaction was stopped after 10 min by boiling. The generated D-psicose was determined by the HPLC method. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme catalyzing the formation of 1 μmol of D-psicose/min at 8.0 and 55° C.

Effect of Temperature and pH

The optimum temperature of enzyme activity was measured by assaying the enzyme samples over the range of 35-70° C. for 2 min. Two buffer systems, sodium phosphate (50 mM, pH 6.0-7.0) and Tris-HCl (50 mM, pH 7.5-9.0), were used for measuring the optimum pH of enzyme activity. The thermal stability of the enzyme was studied by incubating the enzyme in Tris-HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 8.0) at various temperatures. At given time intervals, samples were withdrawn and the residual activity was measured under standard assay conditions, To determine the pH stability, the enzyme was incubated at pH 6.0-9.0 at 4° C. for up to 2 h, and the remaining enzyme activity was measured at time intervals under standard assay conditions.

Determination of Kinetic Parameters

Kinetic parameters of DPEase variants were determined in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) containing 0.1mM Co²⁺ and 5-200 mM substrate for reaction at 55° C., The enzyme reactions were stopped after 10 min by boiling, and the amount of D-psicose was determined by the HPLC assay. Kinetic parameters, such as the Michaelis-Menten constant (K_(m)) and turnover number (k_(cat)) values for substrates, were obtained using the Lineweaver-Burk equation and quantification of enzyme concentration.

Analytical Methods

The concentrations of D-fructose and D-psicose were analyzed by HPLC equipped with a refractive index detector and a Ca²⁺ tcarbohydrate column (Waters Sugar-Pak 1, Waters Corp., Milford, Mass.), which was eluted with water at 85° C. and 0.4 mL/min. Protein concentration was determined according to the method of Bradford using bovine serum albumin as a standard. SDS-PAGE was carried out according to the method of Laemmli. Gels (12% w/v polyacrylamide) were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue and destained with an aqueous mixture of 10% (v/v) methanol/10% (v/v) acetic acid.

TABLE 1 Enzyme properties and kinetic parameters of the wild-type and mutant enzymes of DPEase from C. cellulolyticum for substrate D-psicose Optimum Equilibrium ratio between D- Half-life K_(cat)/K_(m) for Optimum temp, psicose and D-fructose at at 60° C. D-fructose Enzyme pH (° C.) 55° C. (h) (mM⁻¹ min⁻¹) Wild 8.0 55 32:68 6.8 62.7 type G211S 6.5 55 33:67 7.2 150.6 G211A 8.5 50 30:70 2.5 9.8 G211D 8.0 60 32:68 5.3 86.7 G211R 6.5 45 28:72 3.7 26.5 G211W 7.0 60 32:68 5.9 68.1 G211L 8.0 55 30:70 6.7 73.2 ^(a)NR, not reported.

TABLE 2 Enzyme properties and kinetic parameters of DTEase family enzymes for D-psicose production K_(cat)/K_(m) Equilibrium for D- DTEase Optimum ratio between Half-life fructose family Optimum temp, D-psicose and (thermo- (mM⁻¹ enzymes pH (° C.) D-fructose stability) min⁻¹) Reference C, cellulolyticum 6.5 55 33:67 (55° C.) 10.1 h (55° C.) 150.6 Invention DPEase mutant 7.2 h (60° C.) of G211S C. cellulolyticum 8.0 55 32:68 (55° C.) 9.5 h (55° C.)  62.7 Mu et al. DPEase 6.8 h (60° C.) 2011 Clostridium sp. 8.0 65 28:72 (65° C.) 0.25 h^(b) (60° C.)  58.7 Mu et al. DPEase 2013 C. bolteae 7.0 55 32:68 (60° C.) 2.6 h^(b) (55° C.)   59.4^(c) Jia et al. 2013 C, scindens 7.5 60 28:72 (50° C.) 1.8 h^(b) (50° C.)   8.72 Zhang et al. 2013 Ruminococcus 7.5-8.0 60 28:72 1.6 h (60° C.) 16  Zhu et al. sp, DPEase 2012 A, tumefaciens 8.0 50 32:68 (30° C.) 8.90 min (55° C.) 85  Kim et al. DPEase 33:67 (40° C.) 3.99 min (60° C.) 2006 A. tumefaciens NR^(a) NR NR 0.46 h (55° C.) 101   Choi et al. DPEase mutant 2011 of S213C A, tumefaciens NR NR NR 1.06 h (55° C.) 105   Choi et al, DPEase mutant 2011 of I33L A, tumefaciens NR NR NR 4.4 h (55° C.) 134   Choi et al, DPEase mutant 2011 of S213C + I33L Rhizobium 9.0-9.5 50 23:77 NR NR Maruta et DTEase al. 2010 P. cichorii 7.5 60 20:80 (30° C.) 1 h (50° C.) NR Itoh et al, DTEase 1994 R. sphaeroides 9.0 40 23:77 (40° C.) NR NR Zhang et DTEase al. 2009 ^(a)NR, not reported, ^(b)The half-life values were converted from the original references with the unit of min. ^(a)The value was converted from the original reference with the unit of mM⁻¹ s⁻¹.

EXAMPLE 2 Chromosomal Integration and Production of Microbial Strain Producing D-psicose Epimerase

The inventors constructed five strains with chromosomal integration of D-psicose epimerase. To avoid antibiotic addition and antibiotic-resistant gene (ARG) within the strain, the strains were constructed by chromosomal integration without inserting ARG by two approaches, i.e., Cre/Lox and mazF-based systems. The Cre/Lox system is to construct a strain with chromosomal integration with ARG and knock it out by Cre recombinase (Approach 1). The other is to construct a strain with chromosomal integration with the mazF gene and knock it out by the p43-DPE gene (Approach 2). Three strains of Bacillus subtilis were used as host strains, i.e., 1A751, WB600, and WB800.

Approach 1. Cre/Lox System-Based Genome Engineering in Bacillus subtilis

1.1 Introduction

The Cre/Lox recombination system is a simple two-component system currently recognized as a powerful DNA recombination tool. The general principle behind the Cre/Lox system relies upon the ability of Cre recombinase to identify, bind and recombine DNA between two loxP sites; each of these 34 bp target DNA sequences consists of two 13 bp inverted repeat sequences, flanking a central, 8 bp, directional core. By using the Cre/Lox recombination system, the antibiotic-resistant gene (ARG) was knocked out.

1.2 Methods

Based on Cre/Lox recombination system, to construct a strain with chromosomal integration without ARG contains several steps as follows (see also FIG. 4):

a. Splice DPEase-Coding Gene with Promoter p43 by Overlap Extension PCR.

Promoter p43 and DPEase-coding gene were spliced by overlap extension PCR. Then the PCR-produced p43-DPE cassette was cloned into pMD19-T to create pP43DPE.

b. Insert p43-DPE Gene (p43-DPE') and Pectinomycin-Resistant Gene (lox71-spc-lox66) Into Shuttle Plasmid Vector pDGIEF to Build a Reconstructed Plasmid pDGI-7S6-DPE.

Plasmid pDGI-7S6-DPE was constructed as follows. The Sail- and XmaI-flanked fragment containing the lox71-spc-lox66 cassette was transferred from p7S6 to the corresponding sites of pDGIEF, giving pDGI-7S6; then Nhel/Sa/I digested pP43DPE was cloned into the corresponding sites of pDGI-7S6 to yield pDGI-7S6-DPE (Figure. 4).

c. Transform the Reconstructed Plasmid into B subtilis for Chromosomal Integration.

The pDGI-7S6-DPE plasmid was linearized by XhoI and transformed into B. subtilis strains (1A751, WB600, and WB800) by chemical transformation (Keith et al., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2013, 97:6803-6811 (host 1A751); Zhang et al., Bioresource Technology, 2013, 146: 543-548 (host WB600); Nguyen et al., Microbial Cell Factories, 2013, 12:79 (host WB800)). B. subtilis amylase gene homologous arms were used to homologously recombine between the integration vector and chromosomal DNA. Through chromosomal integration, the p43-DPE cassette and lox71-spc-lox66 cassette were inserted into the chromosomal DNA.

d. Screen the Integrated B. subtilis by Spectinomycin.

The recombinant strains were screened on the LB plate with 100 μg/mL Spectinomycin.

e. Transform the pTSC Plasmid into B. subtilis (7S6-DPE), and Then Were Screened by Erythromycin.

pTSC plasmid harbored Cre recombinase gene was transformed into B. subtilis (pDGI-7S6-DPE) competent cells. The B. subtilis (7S6-DPE, pTSC) strains were screened on the LB plate with 200 ug/mL Erythromycin.

f. Screen B. subtilis (lox-DPE, pTSC) strains by Erythromycin and Spectinomycin.

If the Spectinomycin-resistant gene was knocked out, the strains could not grow on the LB plate with 200 ug/mL Erythromycin and 100 μg/mL Spectinomycin, but could grow on the LB plate with 200 ug/mL Erythromycin. Based on this, B. subtilis (lox-DPE, pTSC) strains were screened and selected.

g. Screen B. subtilis (lox-DPE) strains by Erythromycin.

pTSC was a temperature-sensitive plasmid which cannot replicate when the plate was incubated in 42° C. If the pTSC plasmid was lost in B. subtilis strains, the strains could not grow on the LB plate with 200 ug/mL Erythromycin, After incubation in 42° C. for two days, B. subtilis (lox-DPE) strains were screened and selected on the LB plate and LB plate with 200 ug/mL Erythromycin.

h. Validate for Knock-Out of Antibiotic Resistant Gene.

Two test methods were used to validate for knock-out of antibiotic resistant gene, PCR and screening on antibiotic plates. The PCR amplification was performed using the primers of the B. subtilis amylase homologous arms gene. The DNA fragment was sequenced and aligned with the antibiotic resistant gene sequence to make sure the antibiotic resistant gene was knocked out. Meanwhile, the primers of the antibiotic resistant gene were also used. If the PCR amplification was failed, the antibiotic resistant gene did not exist in the constructed strains. The other test method was screening on antibiotic plates. If the strains could not grow on antibiotic plates, the antibiotic resistant gene was knocked out.

Approach 2. mazF-Based Genome Engineering in Bacillus subtilis

2.1 Introduction

mazF is an Escherichia coli toxin gene which can be used as a novel counter-selectable marker for unmarked chromosomal manipulation in Bacillus subtilis. mazF was placed under the control of a xylose-inducible expression system. The Bacillus subtilis strains harboring the mazF cassette cannot grow on the xylose-containing medium. If the mazF cassette is replaced by the p43-DPE cassette, the strains can grow on the xylose-containing medium.

2.2 Methods

Based on this, unmarked chromosomal integration in Bacillus subtilis contains several steps as follows (see also FIG. 7):

a. Insert p43-DPE Gene (p43-DPE) into Shuttle Plasmid Vector pDGIEF to Build a Reconstructed Plasmid pDGI-DPE.

Plasmid pDGI-DPE was constructed as follows. The Xma I- and Sal I-flanked fragment containing the p43-DPE cassette was transferred from pP43DPE to the corresponding sites of pDGIEF, giving pDGI-DPE (FIG. 6).

b. Transform the Reconstructed Plasmid pDGREF into B. subtilis for Chromosomal Integration.

The pDGREF plasmid was linearized by Cla I and transformed into B. subtilis strains (1A751, WB600, WB800) by chemical transformation, B. subtilis amylase gene homologous arms were used to homologously recombine between the integration vector and chromosomal DNA. Through chromosomal integration, the mazF cassette was inserted into the chromosomal DNA.

c. Screen the Integrated B. subtilis by Spectinomycin and Xylose.

The recombinant strains were screened on the LB plate with 100 μg/mL Spectinomycin. Then the positive clones were streaked on the Spectinomycin (100 μg/mL)-xylose (2%)-containing LB plate and Spectinomycin (100 ug/mL)-containing LB plate, respectively. The positive clones which could not grow on the xylose-containing plate were used for the next step.

d. Transform the pDGI-DPE Plasmid into B. subtilis (REF), and Then Were Screened by Xylose.

pDGI-DPE plasmid harbored p43-DPE gene was linearized by Xho I and transformed into B. subtilis (REF) competent cells. The B. subtilis (DPE) strains were screened on the LB plate with 2% xylose.

Results

Five strains were selected by these two approaches. After the B. subtilis strains were selected, the strains were fermented in lab medium. The enzyme activity was determined as described in Example 1, to ensure the DPEase-coding gene was inserted into the chromosomal DNA. Enzyme activity was determined for all the selected strains. The highest enzymatic activity was detected for the 1A751 strain. The enzymatic activity reached 03.45 U/mL, which was close to the initial activity detected for the plasmid-dependent B. subtilis.

Plasmid replicative Approach 1 Approach 2 Host WB600 1A751 WB600 WB800 1A751 WB600 Enzyme ~5 3.43 1.39 0.40 3.45 1.40 activity (U/mL)

SEQUENCE LISTING TABLE SEQ ID NO: Description 1 Nucleic acid sequence of the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum 2 Amino acid sequence of the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum 3 Nucleic acid sequence of the D-psicose 3-epimerase variant derived from Clostridium cellulolyticum 4 Amino acid sequence of the D-psicose 3-epimerase variant derived from Clostridium cellulolyticum 5 Amino acid sequence of Clostridium sp. DPEase 6 Amino acid sequence of C. scindens DPEase 7 Amino acid sequence of A. tumefaciens DPEase 8 Amino acid sequence of Ruminococcus sp. DPEase 9 Amino acid sequence of C. bolteae DPEase 10 Amino acid sequence of P. cichorii DTEase 11 Amino acid sequence of R. sphaeroides DTEase 12-20 Primers 

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A variant of a parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, wherein the variant comprises a substitution of a Glycine residue by a Serine residue at a position corresponding to position 211 in SEQ ID NO: 2 compared to the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, said variant comprising, D-psicose 3-epimerase activity to modify D-fructose into D-psicose with greater catalysis efficiency than parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase having an amino acid sequence with at least 70% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 5-10, and said variant has an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 5-10.
 27. The variant according to claim 26, wherein the variant has one or several of the following features: a) a lower pH optimum compared to the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase, preferably in the range of 6 to 7; and/or b) a higher catalysis efficiency to the substrate D-fructose compared to the parent-psicose 3-epimerase; and/or c) a longer half-life at 60° C. compared to the parent-psicose 3-epimerase.
 28. The variant according to claim 26, wherein the variant has an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 5-10.
 29. The variant according to claim 26, wherein the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase is selected from a D-tagatose 3-epimerase from Pseudomonas cichorii, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium sp., a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium scindens, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium bolteae, a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp., and a D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum.
 30. The variant according to claim 29, wherein the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase is the D-psicose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum.
 31. The variant according to claim 30, wherein the variant comprises SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 4 with a Ser at position
 211. 32. The variant according to claim 29, wherein the variant comprises SEQ ID NO: 5 with a G211S substitution or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 5 and having a Serine at position
 211. 33. The variant according to claim 29, wherein the variant comprises SEQ ID NO: 6 with a G210S substitution or an amino acid sequence having 90 or 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 6 and having a Serine at position
 210. 34. The variant according to claim 29, wherein the variant comprises SEQ ID NO: 7 with a G211S substitution or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 7 and having a Serine at position
 211. 35. The variant according to claim 29, wherein the variant comprises SEQ ID NO: 8 with a G213S substitution or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 8 and having a Serine at position
 213. 36. The variant according to claim 29, wherein the variant comprises SEQ ID NO: 9 with a G223 S substitution or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 9 and having a Serine at position
 223. 37. The variant according to claim 29, wherein the variant comprises SEQ ID NO: 10 with a 02135 substitution or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 10 and having a Serine at position
 213. 38. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a variant according to claim
 26. 39. A recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleic acid according to claim
 38. 40. A recombinant host cell comprising a nucleic acid according to claim 38 or a recombinant expression vector comprising said nucleic acid.
 41. The recombinant host cell according to claim 40, wherein the nucleic acid encoding said variant is integrated into the host cell's chromosome.
 42. The recombinant host cell according to claim 40, wherein the host cell is a GRAS strain (Generally Recognized As Safe).
 43. The recombinant host cell according of claim 42, wherein the host cell is a Bacillus subtilis strain in which the gene encoding for bacillopeptidase F is inactivated.
 44. A method for producing a D-psicose 3-epimerase variant comprising culturing the recombinant host cell according to claim 40, and optionally recovering the produced D-psicose 3-epimerase variant from the resulting culture.
 45. A method for producing D-psicose comprising contacting a variant according to claim 26 with D-fructose in conditions suitable for the D-psicose 3-epimerase activity and optionally recovering produced D-psicose.
 46. The method according to claim 45, wherein the D-fructose is previously or simultaneously produced by a glucose isomerase from D-glucose.
 47. An enzymatic composition comprising a D-psicose 3-epimerase variant according to claim 26 and an additional enzyme.
 48. A food product comprising a host cell according to claim
 42. 49. The variant according to claim 26, wherein the variant and the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase respectively have an amino acid sequence with at least 80% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 5-10.
 50. The variant according to claim 26, wherein the variant and the parent D-psicose 3-epimerase respectively have an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 5-10. 